Nama : Nurfie Fitriani
Npm : 1A211308
Kelas : 4EA12
Bahasa Inggris 2
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
(Kalimat
Pengandaian)
Conditional
sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian yang mengandaikan suatu keinginan,
harapan, rencana dan lain-lain yang :
· Masih
bisa terjadi (possible)
· Tak
terpenuhi / angan-angan (unreal /probable) dan
· Tidak
terwujud (imposible)
Bentuk
:
Ada
tiga conditional sentence yaitu :
· Tipe
I : Future conditional yang menyatakan suatu keinginan, harapan,
ataupun rencana yang masih BISA TERJADI / when we are thinking about
possibilities.
Rumus
IF
+ S + V1, S + will +V1
Example
:
If
I pass the exam I will continue to university
· Type
II : Present conditional, yang menyatakan suatu keinginan,
harapan ataupun rencana yang tak terpenuhi / angan-angan ( unreal) or when we
imagine a situation.
Rumus
IF
+ S + V2, S + would + V1
Example
:
If
I passed the exam, I would continue to
university
· Type
III : Past conditional yang menyatakan suatu keinginan, harapan
atau rencana yang tidak terwujud ( imposible) or when we imagine a situation
based on the facts in the past.
Rumus
IF
+ S + had + V3, S + would have + V3
Example:
If
I had passed the exam, I would have continued to university
Fakta:
I
did not pass the exam then.
(saya
tidak lulus saat itu, jadi saya tidak melanjutkan ke universitas)
Note:
Untuk
tipe III sering berbentuk inversion (pembalikan posisi).
Subjek
2 kata kerjanya serta tidak menggunakan IF.
Contoh:
Had
I passed the exam, I would have continued to university.
PATTERN:
Type
I
IF
+ S + V1, S + will + V1
Type
II
IF
+ S + V2, S + would + V1
Type
III
IF
+ S + had + V3, S + would have + V3
Soal
:
1.
Once upon a time the cat
bit the mouse's tail off. “Give me back my tail,” said the mouse. And
the cat said, “Well, I (give) you back your tail if you fetched me some
milk. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
2.
The mouse, however, went
to the cow. “The cat (give / only) me back my tail if I fetch her some milk.”
3.
And the cow
said, “Well, I would give you milk if you (get) me some hay. But that's
impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
4.
The mouse, however, went
to the farmer. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow (give) me some milk. And the cow (only / give) me milk if I get her some hay.”
5.
And the farmer
said, “Well, I would give you hay if you (bring) me some meat. But that's
impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
6.
The mouse, however, went
to the butcher. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow (give) me milk. And the cow will only give me milk if
she (get) some hay. And the
farmer (only / give) me hay if I get him some
meat.”
7.
And the butcher
said, “Well, I would give you meat if you (make) the baker bake me a bread. But that's
impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
Answear
:
1. I would give 5. Brought. Gives and Gets
2. Will only give 6. Give and Gets
3. Got 7. Made
4. Will only give
1.
If I had time, I shopping with you.
2.
If you English, you will get
along with them perfectly.
3.
If they had gone for a
walk, they the lights
off.
4.
If she to see us, we will go to
the zoo.
5.
I would have told you,
if I him.
6.
Would you mind if I the window?
7.
If they me, I wouldn't have said no.
8.
My friend me at the station if he
gets the afternoon off.
9.
If I it, nobody would do it.
10.
If my father me up, I'll take the bus home.
Answear
:
1. I would go 6. Opened
2. Speak 7. Had invited
3. Would have turned 8. Will meet
4. Comes 9. I didn’t do
5. I had seen 10. Doesn’t pick
MODALS
MODALS adalah kata bantu yang memberi
arti tertentu pada verba utama dalam kalimat.
|
PRESENT
|
PAST
|
ARTI
|
|
Will
|
Would
|
Akan
|
|
Shall
|
Should
|
Akan/seharusnya
|
|
Can
|
Could
|
Dapat/bisa
|
|
May
|
Might
|
Boleh
|
|
Must
|
Harus
|
Rumus
|
(+)
|
S + modals + Verb I +
O
|
|
(-)
|
S + modals +
not + Verb I + O
|
|
(?)
|
Modals + S
+ Verb I + O
|
Soal
:
1. The
article stated that he ___________ read at the age of three.
2. You
____________ take a sweater in case it gets cold.
3. It's
going to rain all afternoon. ___________ we go to the cinema?
4. Scott
________ be 21 at the end of the month.
5. Julie
said they traffic was heavy, so she ___________ be late for the meeting.
6. You
look a bit confused. ________ I help you?
7. You
stole a CD from a friend? You _____________ be ashamed of yourself!
8. I
don't know the meaning of this word. _______ I borrow your dictionary?
Answear
:
1) could 2)
should/ought to 3)
shall 4) will 5)
might 6) can 7) ought
to/should 8) may
1. How ______ you have left the bathroom in such a mess ?
2. Mat ______ be lazy but he is certainly not stupid.
3. I ______ speak Swedish, Dutch and Japanese.
4. I think we are lost. The man ______ have given us the
wrong directions
5. You ______ be serious about swimming outdoors in winter
6. Plants ______ have sunlight in order to make food.
7. Since our bags are identical you ______ have taken mine
by mistake.
8. Parents ______ take care of their children.
9. ______ you excuse me for a moment ?
10. She ______ stay up late if she takes a nap now.
11. It's late. It's time ______ home.
Answear :
1.
Could 6. Must 11. We went
2.
May 7. Could
3.
Can 8. Ought to
4.
Might 9. Would
5.
Can’t 10. Can
DIRECT –INDIRECT SPEECH
Negative: Harus
dimulai dengan “not to infinitive”
a. The teacher tells the new student. “Don’t be late again! “
The teacher tells the student not to be late again
b. The police man told him. “Don’t stop here!”
The police man told him not to stop there.
c. He said. “Don’t go away!”
He told me not to go away.
Questions /interrogatives
(pertanyaan)
Bentuk pertanyaan di bagi 2 (dua)
1. Berawalan auxiliary
2. Berawalan kata tanya (Question Word)
a. She asks me, “Are you a new student?”
She asks me if /whether I am a new student.
b. He ask her.” Have you phoned your mother today?”
He asks her if / whether she had phoned her mother that day
c. She asked me “Could you show me the photos?”
She asked me if / weather I could show her the photos.
d. She asked me “where do you live?”
She asked me where I live.
e. He asked her, “why did you phone your mother yesterday?”
He asked her why she had phoned her mother the day before.
f. She asked me” what should I do now?”
She asked me what she should do then.
Notes: Indirect Speech bentuk question, selalu dengan rumus:
Auxiliary
: if / whether + subject + verb
Question Word : Kata tanya + subject + verb
Perubahan Tenses:
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
|
1
|
Present Tenses
|
Past Tense
|
|
2
|
Present Cont. Tense
|
Past Cont. Tense
|
|
3
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect Tense
|
|
4
|
Past Tense
|
Past Perfect Tense
|
|
5
|
Past Cont. Tense
|
Past Perfect Cont. Tense
|
|
6
|
Future Tense
|
Past Future Tense
|
Perubahan Kata Keterangan/Adverbs change :
|
today
now
this
these
here
tomorrow
yesterday
tonight
|
that day
them
that
those
there
the following day /
the next day
the day before /the
previous day
that night
|
Soal :
|
1.
|
|
"Don't leave your bag out
here, Tommy," Karen said.
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.
|
|
"Stand at attention!"
the captain commanded his men.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.
|
|
"Don't touch it! Leave it
alone!" I said
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.
|
|
"Please take me to the park,
Father," the little boy said.
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.
|
|
"Please tell me exactly what
happened," she said.
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.
|
|
"Speak up. I can't hear
you," he said to the new boy.
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.
|
|
"Don't shake the table while
I am writing!" Peter told his brother.
|
|
|
|
|
|
8.
|
|
"Please bring your own plates
and spoons," she told us.
|
|
|
|
|
|
9.
|
|
"Return to the ship
immediately!" the officer ordered his men.
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.
|
|
"Go to that drawer and bring
me the scissors," David told his brother.
|
Answear :
1. Karen told Tommy not to leave his bag
out there.
2. The captain commanded his men to
stand at attention.
3. I told him not to touch it but to
leave it alone.
4. The little boy asked his father to
take him to the park..
5. She asked me to tell her exactly what
had happened..
6. He told the new boy to speak up as he
couldn't hear him.
7. Peter told his brother not to shake
the table while he was writing.
8. She suggested us to bring our own
plates and spoons.
9. The officer ordered his men to return
to the ship immediately.
10. David told his brother to go to that drawer and
bring him the scissors
|
1.
|
|
"The Prince and Princess
lived happily ever after," the storyteller told the children.
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.
|
|
"Don't push !" the
conductor said to the passengers who were boarding the bus.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.
|
|
"I'm sorry but I can't join
you for lunch," he told his friend.
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.
|
|
"Do the exercises from pages
sixty to sixty-two," Miss Lam told the pupils.
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.
|
|
"Do you know how to operate a
computer ?" asked the personnel officer.
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.
|
|
"Help ! Help ! Help !" I
heard someone shout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.
|
|
"Are you mad at me ?"
asked the elder sister.
|
|
|
|
|
|
8.
|
|
The cheerleaders shouted,
"Hurray ! Fight them ! Show them all your might !"
|
|
|
|
|
|
9.
|
|
"Keep the change," the
rich man said to the waitress.
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.
|
|
I said to myself, "I will
definitely beat him in the next event."
|
Answear :
|
1.
The
storyteller told the children that the Prince and Princess lived happily ever
after.
|
2.
The
conductor warned the passengers who were boarding the bus not to push one
another.
3.
He
told his friend that he couldn't join him for lunch.
4.
Miss
Lam told her pupils to do the exercises from pages sixty to sixty-two
5.
The
personnel officer asked whether or not the person knew how to operate a
computer.
6.
I
heard someone shouting for help three times.
7.
The
elder sister asked whether or not he/she was angry at her.
8.
The
cheerleaders shouted encouraging words in the team.
9.
The
rich man told the waitress to keep the change.
10.
I
convinced myself that I would win in the next event.
Active and Passive Voice
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana
subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice)
adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active
voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan
passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat
kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive
voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih
penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
·
Active : We fertilize the soil every
6 months
·
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every
6 months
Rumus :
Subject + be + Verb3 + by +
Object + modifier
Soal :
1. John collects money. - Money
is collected by John.
2. Anna opened the window. - The
window was opened by Anna.
3. We have done our homework. - Our homework has
been done by us.
4. I will ask a question. - A
question will be asked by me.
5. He can cut out the picture. - The
picture can be cut out by him.
6. The sheep ate a lot. - A
lot was eaten by the sheep.
7. We do not clean our rooms. - Our
rooms are not cleaned by us.
8. William will not repair the car. - The car will not be
repaired by William.
9. Did Sue draw this circle?
- Was this circle drawn by Sue?
10. Could you feed the dog? - Could the dog be fed by you?
11. We
elected Peter captain. -
Peter
was elected captain.
12. I saw him opening the parcel. - He was seen
opening the parcel.
13. We must listen to his advice. - His advice must
be listened to
14. Will I ever forget those happy days? - Will those happy days ever be
forgotten?
15. By
whom was this glass broken? -
Who
broke this glass?
16. One cannot pluck grapes from thistles. - Grapes cannot be plucked from thistles.
17. Without effort, nothing can be gained. - Without effort, we can gain nothing
18. Do not insult the weak and the oppressed. - Let the weak and the oppressed not be
insulted.
19. All desire wealth and some acquire it. - Wealth is desired by all and is acquired
by some.
20. The information is kept on our computer. - We keep the information on our computer.
QUESTION TAGS
QUESTION TAGS adalah
pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan kata tanya sebagai berikut :
1. Statement
|
Statement
|
Question Tag
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
|
Negative
|
Positive
|
2. Imperative/Command
|
Statement
|
Question Tag
|
|
With : Let’s
|
Shall we
|
|
Without : Let’s
|
Will You
|
Soal :
|
1.
|
We shall be going to Australia for
a vacation next month, ______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.
|
|
Andrew is willing to assist in
serving the customers, ______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.
|
|
Gin shouldn't have come here,
______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.
|
|
The President will be present at
the President Star Charity Show, ______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.
|
|
Fatimah can answer the history
essay question, ______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.
|
|
Elisa went to visit the doctor
yesterday, ______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.
|
|
It wouldn't require a lot of your
time to help make the bed, ______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
8.
|
|
Carol hasn't done anything right,
______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
9.
|
|
The fireman is going to help the
poor man down the ladder, ______ ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.
|
|
The teachers themselves must be
punctual, ______ ?
|
Answear :
1.
shan't we ? 6.
didn't she ?
2.
isn't he ? 7.
would it ?
3.
shouldn't
she ? 8. has she ?
4.
won't he ? 9.
isn't he ?
5.
can't she ? 10.
mustn't they ?
1. Mr McGuinness is from Ireland, isn't he?
2. The car isn't in the garage, is it?
3. You are John, aren't you
4. She went to the library yesterday, didn't
she ?
5. He didn't recognize me, did he?
6. Cars pollute the environment, don't they?
7. Mr. Pritchard has been to Scotland
recently, hasn't he?
8. The trip is very expensive, isn't it?
9. He won't tell her, will he?
10. Hugh had a red car, didn't he ?
Both and Both of
Both is used to talk about
two people or things.
Both cats and dogs are pet
animals.
Before a noun with a determiner (the, my, this etc.), both and both
of are both possible.
Both of my parents are teachers. OR Both
my parents are teachers.
You can take both
of the shirts. OR You can take both the shirts.
Both of these answers are correct. OR Both
these answers are correct.
Note that the is often dropped after both.
She has eaten both
chops. OR She has eaten both the chops. OR She has eaten both
of the chops.
Before personal pronouns we use both of.
Both of them have agreed to come. (NOT Both them have agreed to come.)
She has invited both
of you. (NOT
She has invited both you.)
Note that both
of is followed by object forms of the pronoun (us, them, you etc.).
The not used before both
We do not put the before both.
Both the boys were given prizes. (NOT
The both boys were given prizes.)
Negative structures
In negative structures we use neither, not both
not.
Neither of them came. (NOT Both of them did not come.)
Both with verbs
Note the special structure in which both goes with the verb.
They can both swim. (= Both of them can swim.)
They have both come. (= Both of them have come.)
They both liked the movie. (= Both of them liked the movie.)
Both…and
Note that in this structure words of the same part of speech
follow both and and.
She is both
beautiful and intelligent. (Here
both and and are followed by adjectives.)
She both
sings and acts. (Verbs)
I have invited both
John and Peter. (Nouns)
Soal :
- I found two
pairs of nice in the sales so I bought. Both.
- How
embarrassing! We're Both wearing the same jumper.
- Do you want
chocolate or vanilla ice cream? Can I have Both ,please
- Both cats and teenagers can lie on the sofa for hours on
end without moving.
- If you make a sudden move in their direction, both cats and teenagers get frightened.
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