Bahasa Inggris 2

Nama                   : Nurfie Fitriani

Npm                     : 1a211308

Kelas                    : 4ea12

Because vs. Because of

CONJUNCTION + CLAUSE
Each of the following conjunctions introduces a clause stating cause (a reason). A clause by definition has a (subject + verb).  The cause-clause may occur before or after the effect-clause
CAUSE Because a natrual gas pipeline exploded,	EXPECTED EFFECT (OUTCOME) several homes burned down.
Since gas flowed freely from the gas pipe,	water could not put out the fire.
Because the gas pipeline was so old,	it broke.
Because they delayed replacing the pipe,	the accident was likely to occur.
CAUSE Though the firemen arrived quickly,	UNEXPECTED EFFECT (OUTCOME) they could do nothing to stop the inferno.
Even though residents smelled gas,	the pipeline was not replaced.

BECAUSE OF

The preposition because of is followed by a noun or a pronoun.

He survived the event because of luck. (noun)

She loves her children because of her motherly instincts. (noun phrase)

CONJUNCTION + CLAUSE
Because introduces a clause with a verb that can be changed to a noun expression.
ADVERB because	SUBJECT/ PRONOUN they	CLAUSE are coming at five
because	he	was driving without his ID card.
because	she	spent her money on shoes
because	he	reached his goal
because	the bank	closed

Shortening a clause to a phrase

* If the possessive pronoun is redundant, it can be omitted.

"BE" Verbs

CLAUSE
Because can also introduce a clause with a BE verb that can be changed to a noun expression.
ADVERB because	SUBJECT/ PRONOUN the wine	CLAUSE was very dark red
because	she	was very tired
because	he	is very old
because	he	had been frightened

1.      Because of the fire (a noun phrase)  , people had to run from the area.

2.      Because  some people were at work (a clause) , they didn't know that there was a big fire.

3.      The destruction was due to the size of the fire (a noun phrase).

4.      Some family pets were left behind because some people left so fast (a clause).

5.      Several people escaped on account of  their quick response (a noun phrase).

6.      The gas pipeline had not been replaced since 1956 owing to a shortage of money (a noun phrase).

7.      Even though Even though (a noun phrase), the pipeline was not replaced.

8.      Now, people everywhere want to know where underground pipelines are located because of  this accident (a noun phrase).

9.      People will eventually move back into this neighborhood and rebuild their homes in spite of  this event (a noun phrase).

10.  The neighborhood has come together because of       their shared experience (a noun phrase).

Noun Clauses

See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relativeclauses.)

This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.

A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

What Billy did shocked his friends.

A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

A noun clause can be a subject complement:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake =

I know that Billy made a mistake.

To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =

George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

I don’t know + Where is George? =

I don’t know where George is.

C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:

that

if, whether

Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.

correct:

That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

not correct:

* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:

not correct:

* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

correct:

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

not correct:

* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

correct:

Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:

future if its action/state is later

He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.

He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.

present if its action/state is at the same time

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.

past if its action/state is earlier

He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:

was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later

He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.

He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.

past if its action/state is at the same time

He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

past perfect if its action/state is earlier

He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.

If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.

The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses ageneral truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.

We learned that English is not easy.

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:

Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

What Mary said confused her parents.

However you learn to spell is OK with me.

Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

We didn’t know that Billy would jump.

We didn’t know Billy would jump.

Can you tell me if Fred is here?

I don’t know where he is.

George eats whatever is on his plate.

Noun clauses as subject complements:

The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

The truth is Billy was not very smart.

The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.

He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

Noun clauses as adjective complements:

He is happy that he is learning English.

We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

1.      What time is it?

I would like to know what time it is.

2.      Why don’t they like go dancing?

Why they don’t like go dancing is a mystery.

3.      Who left open the door of the car?

He doesn’t saw who the door of the car let open.

4.      Who is the lady in the black dress?

I wonder to know who the lady in the black dress is.

5.      Whose car is this?

Does he know whose car this is?

6.      What time did the flight arrive?

She would like to know what time the flight arrived.

7.      How much cost the T-shirt?

Tom didn’t ask how much the T-shirt cost.

8.      Which one is the capital of India?

Which one the capital of India is, was the question that the teacher made.

9.      When is mother’s day?

Melissa doesn’t remember when mother’s day is.

10.  Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?

Her mother can understand why she couldn’t the bus on time take.

Not only ... but also ...

Not only and but also normally go immediately before the words or expressions modified by them.

• The place was not only good, but also safe. 
• She is not only a good wife, but also a good mother. 
• She speaks not only English, but also French. 

Mid position with verb is also possible.

• She not only speaks English, but also French. 

For emphasis not only can be moved to the beginning of a clause. Note that we use the inverted word order 'not only + auxiliary verb + subject'. But can be left out in some cases.

• She was not only sad, but also angry. 
• Not only was she sad, she was also angry. 
• They not only need food, but also shelter. 
• Not only do they need food, they also need shelter.

Exercise :

1.      Borges not only wrote stories but transformed them.

2.      The shape of Cleopatra’s nose influences not only wars, but ideologies.

3.      The omission of the also is not only frequent but Standard.

4.      It depends on your point of view, but also on where you live.

5.      The article, based on a lengthy interview with Kidd, but also on discussions with other.

6.      The article, based not only on a lengthy interview with Kidd, but also on discussions with other figures.

7.      The controversy not only damages sales but also damages shareholder confidence.

8.      The controversy not only damages sales but also undermines shareholder confidence.

9.      He not only used a fictitious example, but he also reproduced it.

10.  The number of migrations varies not only with the month, but also with the type of species.

Have something done

If you 'have something done', you get somebody else to do something for you.

• I'm going to have my hair cut.
• She's having her house redecorated.
• I'm having a copy of the report sent to you

In informal English, we can replace 'have' by 'get'.

• We're getting a new telephone system installed.
• They will be getting the system repaired as quickly as they can.
• I got the bill sent direct to the company.

We can also use 'have/got something done' in situations where something bad has happened to people or their possessions. This is not something they wanted to happen.

• John had all his money stolen from his hotel bedroom.
• We had our car damaged by a falling tree.
• I got my nose broken playing rugby.

Exercise :

1.      Yesterday, I had my hair cut.

2.      Every Friday, Joe has his car washed.

3.      Tomorrow, she is going to have her shower repaired.

4.      Each Saturday, we have a pizza delivered to our home.

5.      Last year, Bob had his house cleaned by a charwoman.

6.      As Phil had a broken arm, he had his texts typed by his secretary.

7.      I will have the goods picked up tomorrow in the afternoon.

8.      We had our walls redecorated last summer.

9.      Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, she has her bags carried into her room.

10.  We had our last party organised by professionals.

Degrees of Comparison

Read the following sentences:

1. John is tall.
2. Peter is taller than John.
3. Harry is the tallest of the three.

In sentence 1, the adjective tall merely says something about John’s height. It doesn’t state how tall John is. In sentence 2, the adjective taller is used to compare John’s height with Peter’s height.

In sentence 3, the adjective tallest is used to compare Harry’s height with the height of John and Peter.

We have thus seen that adjectives change in form to show comparison. These different forms of the adjective are called the degrees of comparison.

In the examples given above, the adjective tall is said to be in the positive degree. The adjective taller is said to be in the comparative degree and the adjective tallest is said to be in the superlative degree.

The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simple form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality. Adjectives in the positive degree are used when no comparison is made.

The comparative degree of an adjective shows a higher degree of the quality than that is present in the positive degree. It is used when two things or two sets of things are compared.

• Peter is smarter than John.
• Which of the two sisters is the prettier?
• Apples are dearer than oranges.

The superlative degree of an adjective denotes the highest degree of the quality. It is used when more than two things or sets of things are compared.

• Peter is the smartest boy in the class.
• Iron is the most useful of all metals.
• Alice is the prettiest girl in the neighborhood.

Exercise :

1. The giraffe istaller than an elephant.

2. River Ganga islonger than River Yamuna.

3. You should be careful when you walk on the road.

4. That temple is large a building.

5. Diamond isharderthan any other substance in the world.

6. The cheetah is fastestthe  animal on the earth.

7. Rose ismore beautiful a beautiful flower. i find the lotus  than the rose.

8. Vatican City issmallest the city in the world.

9. I find Dickens' booksmore wonderful than Ruskin Bond's books.

10. This poem isharderthan that one.

Adjective and Adverb

Adjective (kata sifat) memberikaninformasitentang kata benda. Contoh:

• She’s an excellent dancer.
• I’ve got a new apartment.

Adverb (kata keterangan) merubah kata kerja, yakni kata keteranganmenjelaskanbagaimanasesuatudilakukan. Contoh:

-Shelearns quickly.
- You can speak English well.

Adjective (kata sifat)

Adjective bisaditempatkansebelum kata benda. Contoh:

• This is a beautiful bird.
• “This is a bird beautiful.” tidakbenar.

Kata sifatmemberikaninformasisepertiukuran (kecil, besar), bentuk (bulat, persegi), warna (kuning, hijau), kebangsaan (Cina, Polandia), danopini (baik, buruk).

Adjective tidakmengalamiperubahan yang tergantungpadajumlah (tunggalataujamak). Contoh:

• She has a cute puppy.
• She has three cute puppies.

Perhatikanbahwa adjective (cute) tidakmengalamiperubahanbaikdalambentuktunggal (puppy) maupunjamak (puppies).

Adjective jugabisaditempatkansetelah kata kerjatertentuseperti be, feel, look, dan taste. Contoh:

• I’m really happy today.
• She’s got a new job so she feels great.
• You look wonderful!
• This chicken tastes delicious.

Adverb (kata keterangan)

Adverb seringdibentukdenganmenambahkan -ly di belakang adjective. Contoh:

• quick (adjective) - He’s quick at learning new things.
• quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly.
• bad (adjective) - He didn’t get a bad test score.
• badly (adverb) - He didn’t do badly in his test.

Untuk adverb yang terbentukdari adjective yang berakhirandenganhuruf “-y”ganti “-y” dengan “-i” dantambahkan “-ly“. Contoh:

• easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy.
• easily (adverb) - He can do math easily.
• happy (adjective) - He’s a happy man.
• happily (adverb) - He works happily every day.

Untuk adverb yang terbentukdari adjective yang berakhirandenganhuruf “-le” ganti “-le” dengan “-ly“. Contoh:

• simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple.
• simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly.

Beberapa adverb samadengan adjective. Contoh:

• He runs fast (adverb) - He’s a fast runner. (adjective)
• He studies hard. (adverb) - It’s a hard life. (adjective)

Adverb untuk “good” adalah “well“. Contoh:

• She’s a good pianist.
• She plays the piano well.

Adverb jugabisamengubah adjective dan adverb-adverb lainnya. Contoh:

• That’s a good book.
• That’s a very good book.
• She’s a talented girl.
• She’s an incredibly talented girl.
• You’re right!
• You’re absolutely right!

Exercise :

1.      He quickly reads a book.

2.      Mandy is a pretty girl.

3.      The class is terribly loud today.

4.      Max is a good singer.

5.      You can easily open this tin.

6.      It's a terrible day today.

7.      She sings the song well.

8.      He is a careful driver.

9.      He drives the car carefully.

10.  The dog barks loudly.